Missiles and drones → UNIDIR

The Use of Uncrewed Aerial Systems by Non-State Armed Groups: Exploring Trends in Myanmar

Nicole Kwan Kiu Leung — Wed, 21 Jan 2026 08:35:35 +0000

The use of uncrewed aerial systems (UASs) by non-State armed groups (NSAGs) has become a defining feature of Myanmar’s conflict landscape. Since the February 2021 military coup, Myanmar has recorded one of the highest global rates of UAS use by NSAGs, with these systems playing an increasingly significant role in shaping conflict dynamics across the country.

This report analyses key trends in the use of UASs by NSAGs in Myanmar, with a particular focus on post-coup developments. It aims to provide researchers, policymakers and practitioners with an overview of how these systems have been adopted and employed by various groups across the country, and of their implications for evolving conflict dynamics. It examines the types of NSAGs deploying UASs, the geographical distribution of incidents, as well as the primary targets and impacts of their operations. The report also explores trends in the craft-production, modification and weaponization of these systems, identifying the key factors enabling the rapid adoption and diffusion of UAS capabilities among NSAGs, including the widespread availability of commercial components, access to open-source knowledge, decentralized knowledge-sharing networks and improvised production practices.

By examining the Myanmar case, the report provides insights into the expanding role of uncrewed systems in contemporary armed conflicts. It highlights the challenges that the growing development and use of these systems may pose for existing arms control frameworks, as well as for international security and stability more broadly.

Citation: Joshua Angelo Estrada Bata and Bárbara Morais Figueiredo, “The use of uncrewed aerial systems by non-State armed groups: Exploring trends in Myanmar”. Geneva: UNIDIR, 2026. https://doi.org/10.37559/CAAP/26/ERC/01

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Changing Tides in Maritime Warfare: Closing the Reporting Gap on Uncrewed Maritime Systems in the United Nations Register of Conventional Arms

Mireia Mas Vivancos — Tue, 18 Feb 2025 14:58:18 +0000

Surface and underwater uncrewed maritime systems (UMS) are gaining importance in the maritime domain due to their force multiplier effect and their ability to enhance naval force projection. UMS pose or could pose challenges to international security due to their proliferation, contributing to arms races, illicit use by non-state actors and risks for civilian infrastructure.

This UNIDIR research examines trends in the development and use of UMS between 2019 and 2024, identifying 60 UMS programmes across 17 countries that have utilized a wide range of systems. More than 40 attacks took place during the same period, with a notable rise since 2023.

The United Nations Register of Conventional Arms could play an important role in enhancing mutual trust and confidence between States if it were to contain information on international transfers and acquisitions of armed UMS. Due to their technical characteristics, however, most UMS fall outside the Register’s reporting categories, therefore remaining unreported.

This research puts forward four options for consideration by the Group of Governmental Experts in 2024-2025 on the continuing operation and future development of the Register. These options could also be considered by States participating in other multilateral instruments that contribute to increasing transparency in international transfers and acquisitions.

Citation: Anabel García García, Sarah Grand-Clément, Paul Holtom, “Changing Tides in Maritime Warfare: Closing the Reporting Gap on Uncrewed Maritime Systems in the United Nations Register of Conventional Arms”, UNIDIR, Geneva, 2025, https://doi.org/10.37559/CAAP/25/ERC/03.

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The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Regional Security, Threat Perceptions and the Middle East WMD-Free Zone

Mireia Mas Vivancos — Fri, 07 Feb 2025 09:50:15 +0000

With significant advancements in artificial intelligence (AI), many countries have been seeking to integrate these technologies into military and defence industries, including in the Middle East. In this publication, the author examines and analyzes the impact of AI on regional security, weapons of mass destruction (WMD), proliferation-related risks in the Middle East, and its potential influence on the initiative to establish a WMD-Free Zone in the region.

The author examines plausible scenarios, such as the emergence of an arms race in military applications of AI among regional states, which could either increase WMD proliferation risks in the region or, conversely, help reduce them. The paper also discusses key factors AI may have in the negotiations to establish a WMD-Free Zone, including urgency and the potential technical benefits of AI in arms control processes.

Citation: Nasser bin Nasser, “The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Regional Security, Threat Perceptions and the Middle East WMD-Free Zone”, UNIDIR, Geneva, 2025, https://www.doi.org/10.37559/MEWMDFZ/2025/ZoneAI.

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Armed and dangerous? A brief overview of uncrewed aerial systems – risks, impacts and avenues for action

Jack Conneely — Wed, 30 Oct 2024 15:39:01 +0000

Uncrewed systems – which include uncrewed aerial, ground and maritime systems – are increasingly being developed and used by a range of actors both within and outside situations of armed conflict. Uncrewed aerial systems (UAS, commonly known as drones) are viewed with particular concern as regards the implications of the growing proliferation and use to international peace and security.

Between 2 July and 5 September 2024, UNIDIR and the United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs co-organized a series of three webinars on UAS. This summary highlights the key points made by the speakers on issues pertaining to terms and classifications of UAS, benefits and risks of (mis)use, and possible actions to address the identified threats.

Citation: Sarah Grand-Clément, “Armed and dangerous? A brief overview of uncrewed aerial systems: risks, impacts, and avenues for action”, UNIDIR, Geneva, 2024. https://doi.org/10.37559/CAAP/24/ERC/11.

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The Use of Uncrewed Aerial Systems by Non-State Armed Groups: Exploring Trends in Africa

UNIDIR Comms — Tue, 30 Jan 2024 10:40:03 +0000

This report examines current and emerging trends in non-State armed groups’ (NSAGs) use of uncrewed aerial systems (UASs) in Africa, and assesses the implications for national and regional security and stability. It provides an overview of African NSAGs’ use of UASs over recent years, analysing the most prevalent types of UAS operations by these groups, as well as their most common targets and impacts. It then identifies and assesses some of the enabling factors and salient trends influencing how African NSAGs currently deploy or could deploy these systems in the future.

The analysis in the report is based on a data set of incidents of UAS use by NSAGs in Africa in the period January 2018–June 2023.

Citation: Bárbara Morais Figueiredo (2024). “The Use of Uncrewed Aerial Systems by Non-State Armed Groups: Exploring Trends in Africa”, UNIDIR, Geneva. https://doi.org/10.37559/CAAP/24/PACAV/01

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Uncrewed Aerial, Ground, and Maritime Systems: A Compendium

devx — Sun, 02 Apr 2023 22:00:00 +0000

This compendium is intended to provide policymakers, diplomats and other non-technical interested parties with an introductory overview and comparison of technological developments and their security implications relating to uncrewed aerial, ground, and maritime systems. In 2022, UNIDIR released primers for each of the three domains in which uncrewed systems operate (air, land and sea). While each primer gives an in-depth introduction into each type of uncrewed system, this compendium provides a comparative overview that highlights the common developments and security implications of these systems, as well as what distinguishes them. The focus of the compendium is on describing the main areas of technological innovation and development related to the key components that comprise uncrewed systems, outlining the anticipated areas of progress and potential concern, as well as areas of overlap between key enabling technology across the three types of systems.

The compendium, as well as the primers, also serve as technical guides on issues relating to uncrewed systems for use within frameworks and processes where such systems are relevant and discussed, such as the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on the continuing operation and relevance of the United Nations Register of Conventional Arms (UNROCA) and its further development, the Conference of States Parties to the Arms Trade Treaty, and the GGE on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems.

Sponsor Organizations: Germany (Conventional Arms and Ammunition Programme) and Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland and Microsoft (Security and Technology Programme).

Citation: Sarah Grand-Clément (2023) “Uncrewed Aerial, Ground, and Maritime Systems: A Compendium”, UNIDIR, Geneva, Switzerland. https://doi.org/10.37559/CAAP/23/ERC/05

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Means of Delivery: A Complex and Evolving Issue in the Middle East WMD-Free Zone Initiative

devx — Sun, 23 Oct 2022 22:00:00 +0000

Means of delivery of weapons of mass destruction are inextricably tied to the initiative for Middle East zone free of WMD. Means of delivery-related threats are evolving, increasing in complexity, and leading to new security dynamics in the region, yet they remain the least explored part of the initiative.

In this publication, the author examines the history of means of delivery in the context of the Zone, captures and assesses what regional perspectives and concerns are known regarding their inclusion in the Zone, and presents options for states to consider if and when deliberating this issue.

A recording of the event presenting this report is available on the UNIDIR YouTube Channel (or see below).

Sponsor Organizations: European Union

Citation: Nasser bin Nasser (2022) “Means of delivery: Complex and evolving issue in the Middle East WMD-Free Zone,” UNIDIR, Geneva, Switzerland. https://doi.org/10.37559/MEWMDFZ/2022/meansdelivery

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Uncrewed Maritime Systems: A Primer

devx — Tue, 18 Oct 2022 22:00:00 +0000

The development of uncrewed maritime systems (UMSs) – which include vehicles that can be piloted either remotely or semi-autonomously – has increased.

This primer introduces the different types of UMS, otherwise known as surface, underwater or maritime drones. It also describes their key components and functions, as well as outlining the main challenges that these systems can pose to international security.

The focus of the primer is on describing the main areas of technological innovation and development related to the key components that comprise UMSs, outlining the anticipated areas of progress and potential concern.

Sponsor Organizations: Germany (Conventional Arms and Ammunition Programme) and Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland and Microsoft (Security and Technology Programme).

Citation: Sarah Grand-Clément and Theò Bajon (2022) “Uncrewed Ground Systems: A Primer”, UNIDIR, Geneva, Switzerland. https://doi.org/10.37559/CAAP/22/ERC/13

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Uncrewed Aerial Systems: A Primer

devx — Tue, 18 Oct 2022 22:00:00 +0000

The production and use of uncrewed aerial systems (UASs) – which include vehicles that can be piloted either remotely or semi-autonomously – has increased.

This primer introduces the different types of UAS (otherwise known as drones), including fixed-wing systems and rotary-wing systems such as quadcopters. It describes their key components and functions, as well as outlining the main challenges that these systems can pose to international security.

The focus of the primer is on describing the main areas of technological innovation and development related to the key components that comprise UASs, outlining the anticipated areas of progress and potential concern.

Sponsor Organizations: Germany (Conventional Arms and Ammunition Programme) and Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland and Microsoft (Security and Technology Programme).

Citation: Sarah Grand-Clément and Theò Bajon (2022) “Uncrewed Aerial Systems: A Primer”, UNIDIR, Geneva, Switzerland. https://doi.org/10.37559/CAAP/22/ERC/12

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Uncrewed Ground Systems: A Primer

devx — Tue, 18 Oct 2022 22:00:00 +0000

The development of uncrewed ground systems (UGSs) – which include vehicles that can be piloted either remotely or semi-autonomously – is increasing.

This primer introduces the different types of UGS (or “ground robots”), describes their key components and functions, and outlines the main challenges that these systems can pose to international security.

The focus of the primer is on describing the main areas of technological innovation and development related to the key components that comprise UGSs, outlining the anticipated areas of progress and potential concern.

Sponsor Organizations: Germany (Conventional Arms and Ammunition Programme) and Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland and Microsoft (Security and Technology Programme).

Citation: Sarah Grand-Clément and Theò Bajon (2022) “Uncrewed Ground Systems: A Primer”, UNIDIR, Geneva, Switzerland. https://doi.org/10.37559/CAAP/22/ERC/11

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Exploring Options for Missile Verification

devx — Mon, 14 Mar 2022 23:00:00 +0000

Missiles are becoming an increasingly prominent element of military arsenals, but the system of arms control that helped provide a check on the missile arms race is under considerable stress. Addressing this challenge will require developing new approaches to missile verification.

This report covers various aspects of verification arrangements that could be applied to missiles. The authors look at the experience of past arms control and disarmament efforts, provide an overview of existing verification tools, and initiate a discussion of potential arrangements that could make future arms control agreements possible.

The general conclusion of the report is that there is a variety of options to consider. Most verification arrangements would require a fairly high level of transparency, but that is what makes them stronger and more reliable. The path to building an effective verification arrangement is to design it in a way that facilitates cooperation and transparency.

Citation: Podvig, Pavel (ed.) (2022) “Exploring Options for Missile Verification”, UNIDIR, Geneva, Switzerland. https://doi.org/10.37559/WMD/)2/Misver/01

Listings image: Detail of “Topol TEL in Military Historical Museum of Artillery, Engineers and Signal Corps St. Petersburg” by Tobias Begemann, CC BY 2.0 licence

Sponsor Organizations: Government of Germany.

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Space Dossier File 6: Ballistic Missile Defence and Outer Space Security: A Strategic Interdependence

devx — Sun, 28 Jun 2020 22:00:00 +0000

Today, international security is facing threats from a ‘devil’s triangle’ of arms capabilities, presented by offensive nuclear missiles, ballistic missile defence and outer space weaponization. These three are, and have been, inter-connected due to their technological and strategic natures. They are also the source of some of the most challenging diplomatic debates, particularly in today’s tense geopolitical climate. Current events indicate that States are moving away from a position of restraint and towards accelerated development. This paper traces the roots of the relationship between missiles, missile defence and anti-satellite weapons to show where current trends might lead, and to offer some useful ideas on how to use diplomacy to find a new path for arms control.

Citation: Paul Meyer (2020) “Ballistic Missile Defence and Outer Space Security: A Strategic Interdependence”, UNIDIR, Geneva.

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The Implications of Hypersonic Weapons for International Stability and Arms Control: Report on a UNIDIR-UNODA Turn-Based Exercise

devx — Tue, 29 Oct 2019 23:00:00 +0000

In September 2019, a one-day turn-based (or table-top) scenario exercise involving representatives of governments including capital-based experts, Geneva diplomats, military counsellors and independent experts sought to explore the implications of hypersonic weapons for international stability and strategic arms control.

The exercise further developed the findings of a study by UNODA and UNIDIR on Hypersonic Weapons: A Challenge and Opportunity for Strategic Arms Control (February 2019).

Although exercises of this kind have limitations, the fictitious, hypothetical scenarios helped participants to explore findings of the study on the potential of risks related to ambiguity, compressed decision-making times and potential entanglement between conventional and nuclear conflict that could result from the deployment and use of hypersonic weapons.

Citation: Weapons of Mass Destruction Programme (2019) “The Implications of Hypersonic Weapons for International Stability and Arms Control: Report on a UNIDIR-UNODA Turn-Based Exercise”, UNIDIR, Geneva, Switzerland.

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Hypersonic Weapons: A Challenge and Opportunity for Strategic Arms Control

devx — Wed, 13 Feb 2019 23:00:00 +0000

The pursuit by several nuclear-armed States of novel long-range strike options has received little attention in multilateral disarmament discussions despite their potentially negative implications for security, arms control and disarmament. In February 2019, in partnership with the UN Office for Disarmament Affairs, UNIDIR authored a new study, Hypersonic Weapons: A Challenge and Opportunity for Strategic Arms Control. The study explores the implications of hypersonic glide vehicles and considers possible ways to address them in a multilateral context. It includes overviews of the current state of technology; possible implications for international peace and security; possible implications for existing and future arms control and disarmament efforts; and different approaches States may pursue to address these challenges.

Citation: John Borrie, Amy Dowler and Pavel Podvig (2019) “Hypersonic Weapons: A Challenge and Opportunity for Strategic Arms Control”, UNODA and UNIDIR, New York. https://doi.org/10.37559/WMD/19/hypson1

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Increasing Transparency, Oversight and Accountability of Armed Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

devx — Thu, 30 Nov 2017 23:00:00 +0000

Armed unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs)—often referred to as drones—have become a prominent and sometimes controversial means of delivering lethal force in the 21st century. Yet the international community is some way from reaching consensus on how established international principles are to be interpreted and applied to the use of armed UAVs. This situation is unsatisfactory for promoting civilian protection in conflict, the maintenance of peace and security, or the rule of law. Moreover, UAVs have unique characteristics that make them particularly susceptible to misuse in comparison to other technologies, at the same time as their capabilities are growing rapidly. Taken together, these factors add up to a pressing need for further development of international understandings related to transparency, oversight and accountability in the context of UAV spread and use.

Building on a prior United Nations publication in 2015, this UNIDIR study assesses the current situation and suggests ways to strengthen shared understandings of transparency, oversight and accountability to address challenges raised by armed UAVs.

Citation: John Borrie, Elena Finckh and Kerstin Vignard (2017) “Increasing Transparency, Oversight and Accountability of Armed Unmanned Aerial Vehicles”, UNIDIR, Geneva. https://doi.org/10.37559/CAAP/17/WAM/04

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Disarmament Forum: Missile Control?

devx — Wed, 31 Jan 2007 23:00:00 +0000

This issue of Disarmament Forum assesses the current situation concerning missiles and investigates future prospects for control. Existing devices, such as the Missile Technology Control Regime and the Hague Code of Conduct (HCOC), UN Security Council resolution 1540 and the Proliferation Security Initiative, are all attempts at ameliorating some aspects of missile-related problems, as are the various bilateral confidence-building measures already in operation. Much remains to be done, however, as cruise missiles are largely unregulated, HCOC implementation is progressing but leaves much to be desired, and research, development, deployment and international cooperation on active anti-ballistic missile defences continue apace. Following two United Nations panels of governmental experts on missiles in 2002 and 2004 (the latter of which failed to adopt a consensus report) and an expert study conveyed by the UN Secretary-General to the General Assembly in 2006, a third panel of governmental experts will be convened later this year.

Citation: Kerstin Vignard (ed.) (2007). “Disarmament Forum: Missile Control?”, UNIDIR, Geneva.

Disponible aussi en français.

Content

Editor’s note, Kerstin Vignard
Missiles matter, Christophe CARLE
Missiles in conflict: the issue of missiles in all its complexity, Jürgen SCHEFFRAN
Lessons from regional approaches to managing missiles, Waheguru Pal Singh SIDHU
Missile control agreements: a general approach to monitoring and verification, Michael VANNONI & Kent BIRINGER
Connecting paradigms: MANPADS in the national and human security debates, James BEVAN
The final frontier: missile defence in space? Bruno GRUSELL

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Missile Defence, Deterrence and Arms Control: Contradictory Aims or Compatible Goals?

devx — Thu, 14 Feb 2002 23:00:00 +0000

Citation: Wilton Park, and the United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (2002). “Missile Defence, Deterrence and Arms Control: Contradictory Aims or Compatible Goals?”, UNIDIR, Geneva.

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Disarmament Forum: NMD – Jumping the Gun?

devx — Thu, 30 Nov 2000 23:00:00 +0000

While missile defences have a long and controversial history, the attention they have attracted over the last few years is not about to abate. Can missile defences actually work as advertised? Are such active defences an appropriate response to real or purported missile threats? What are their implications for the perennial “cornerstone” (or is it “sacred cow”) of deterrence? Although these and similar questions have been raised in previous instalments of the missile defence debate (from the genesis of the ABM Treaty to GPALS via SDI), they now present themselves in a very different and complex international security environment and need revisiting.

As we go to press, the outcome of the United States presidential election is still unknown. Since President Clinton pushed the decision on NMD deployment to his successor, the incoming president will be making a decision with long-term and serious ramifications for arms control and disarmament. UNIDIR’s natural point of interest, and the underlying common theme to the papers in this issue of Disarmament Forum, is the impact of missile defence plans, statements and deployments on prospects for arms control, non-proliferation and disarmament.

Citation: Kerstin Vignard (ed.) (2000). “Disarmament Forum: NMD – Jumping the Gun?”, UNIDIR, Geneva.

Disponible aussi en français.

Content

Editor’s note, Kerstin Vignard
Current plans for missile defence, John Pike and Peter Voth
National missile defences and arms control after Clinton’s NMD decision, Daryl G. Kimball and Stephen W. Young
Fighting fire with fire: missiles against missiles, Christophe Carle
Defence, deterrence and cultural lag, James M. Skelly
Confidence-building measures related to the ABM defence problem, Viacheslav Abrosimov
NMD Resource List, compiled by Derek Brown

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The spread of low-cost aerial weapons levels the playing field and enables attack (Africa Defense Forum, USA, Pg. 14-19)

Meyha Sharma — Fri, 09 May 2025 14:21:13 +0000

Deadly Drones Level Playing Field Between Terrorists, Militaries (Africa Defense Forum, United States)

Jack Conneely — Tue, 24 Sep 2024 10:49:00 +0000

Terror Groups’ Use of Drones ‘Levels Playing Field’ in Africa, Experts Say (VOA News, USA)

Jack Conneely — Wed, 28 Aug 2024 09:01:00 +0000

Dialogue on regional security and the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction in the Middle East

Nicole Kwan Kiu Leung — Fri, 06 Feb 2026 09:09:36 +0000

UNIDIR organized a closed-door dialogue on regional security and the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) in the Middle East. The dialogue took place on 4-5 February 2026, as part of a series of regional dialogues organized by UNIDIR’s Middle East WMD-Free Zone Project.

The dialogue brought together senior policymakers and leading experts from the region and beyond to engage in vital discussions on regional security, the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and strategies for collective action.

When

Wednesday, 4 February to Thursday, 5 February 2026

Participation

Participation is upon invitation only.

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The impact of artificial intelligence on regional security in the Middle East, threat perceptions and the ME WMDFZ

Mireia Mas Vivancos — Fri, 07 Feb 2025 10:15:24 +0000

With significant advancements in the field of artificial intelligence (AI), many countries have been seeking to integrate these technologies into military and defence industries, including in the Middle East.

In this context, UNIDIR virtually launched the new publication The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Regional Security, Threat Perceptions and the Middle East WMD-Free Zone.

Published by UNIDIR’s Middle East WMD-Free Zone project, this report analyzes the impact of AI on regional security, weapons of mass destruction (WMD), proliferation-related risks in the Middle East and its potential influence on the initiative to establish a WMD-Free Zone in the region.

Event recording

Agenda

The event featured remarks by the author, Nasser bin Nasser, Senior Advisor at UNIDIR’s Middle East WMD-Free Zone Project, and it was followed by a Q&A. The discussion was moderated by Dr Chen Zak Kane, Head of UNIDIR’s Middle East WMD-Free Zone Project.

When and where

Wednesday, 26 February, 14:00-15:30 CET, online.

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In the Crosshairs? Addressing Military Drone Use and Proliferation

UNIDIR Comms — Tue, 10 Oct 2023 08:39:54 +0000

A multitude of different uncrewed (aerial) vehicles or systems (UAV/UAS), also known as drones, are increasingly taking a dominant role in wars and armed conflicts. The demand for military drones is rapidly increasing, and exports are on the rise throughout the Middle East, Africa and Europe. Non-state armed groups are simultaneously boosting their own drone capabilities, often with state-supplied single-use explosive drones, and actively using them in conflict areas that provoke state military responses. The UN Secretary General’s New Agenda for Peace report highlights the perils of the proliferation of drones among both state and non-state actors in the absence of sufficient governance frameworks. The increasing global misuse of drones by terrorist groups has been a particular concern of the UN Security Council Counter-Terrorism Committee.

This side-event aims to take stock of the recent developments in terms of drone use at various conflict areas to provide participants with the latest analysis of drone warfare, and will have experts share insights on State use, the interest of non-state actors, and address ongoing policy discussions around export controls mechanisms.

PANEL DISCUSSION

Opening remarks:

Robert in den Bosch, Disarmament Ambassador and Permanent Representative to the Conference on Disarmament of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in Geneva

Moderator: Rachel Stohl, Vice President of the Stimson Center

Panel discussion:

Wim Zwijnenburg, Humanitarian Disarmament Project Leader for PAX
Paul Holtom, Head of the Conventional Arms and Ammunition Programme at the United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR)
Rob Perkins, Head of Research at Conflict Armament Research (online participation)
Anietie Ewang, Researcher in the Africa division at Human Rights Watch (online participation)

FOLLOWED BY Q&A

WHEN & WHERE

Wednesday, 18 October 2023, 13:15-14:45 EDT.

Hybrid event: In-person in Conference Room 8 at UN HQ, New York, and online.

Please register here to attend the event either in person or to participate online.

Online participants will receive the link several days prior to the event.

For in-person attendees without UN badge, registration is required by Sunday, 15 October.

Requests to make an intervention should be sent to Ms. Christina Parandii (c.parandii@paxforpeace.nl) and Mr. Francesc Teodoro (f.teodoro@paxforpeace.nl) no later than 5pm EDT on Monday, 16 October 2023.

PARTICIPANTS

Representatives from permanent missions in New York and Geneva, national experts, representatives of United Nations entities, international and regional organizations and non-governmental organizations interested in this issue.

This event is held in partnership with:

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